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To improve the accuracy of chemical molecule structure analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) combines the functions of Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). Drug detection, fire investigati on, environmental analysis, investigating explosives, and identifying unidentified materials are some applications of GC-MS. Utilizing its extensive network of laboratories, Infinita Lab, USA, provides this test to its clients in the USA and other locations.... Read More
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) utilizes Gas chromatography (GC) to separate a chemical mixture into individual molecules followed by Mass spectrometry (MS) to identify the molecules. These two distinct micro-analytical techniques are coupled together in the GC-MS.
Gas Chromatography utilizes the principle that intermolecular (physical adsorption) forces between molecules in a gas and a solid surface depend upon the molecular structure and the nature of the solid surface. In a gas chromatograph, the sample chemical mixture is vaporized in an oven and transported by an inert carrier gas into a column (packed or capillary), containing the solid phase (termed stationary phase). The molecules carried in the gas (termed mobile phase), are eluted at different times from the column depending on the affinity of molecules for the stationary phase. The eluted molecules are detected when they exit the column with the signal intensity (peak) characterizing the nature and amount of each molecule. GC has limitations in distinguishing between molecules with identical affinity to the stationary phase, as they exit simultaneously.
Mass Spectrometry works by ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged ions, with a range of molecular masses. The ions are then accelerated in an electric field and separated in vacuum, depending on their mass as well as their charge. The separated ions are analyzed by spectrometry principles. Individual compounds have their own unique mass spectrum since every pure compound always produces the same family of ions. The Mass Spectrometry technique requires a very pure sample and does not work well for mixtures. Various methods for ionization such as electron ionization, chemical ionization and cold electron ionization are used, depending on the application. Mass Spectrometers can work in both full scan and selective ion monitoring (SIM) modes.
By combining the functionalities of GC and MS, the GC-MS technique dramatically enhances analytical accuracy, overcoming the limitations of each.
Video 01: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Common Uses of Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Advantages of Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Limitations of Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Industrial Applications of Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
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In GC-MS analysis, the carrier gas is usually helium, nitrogen or hydrogen. Hydrogen gas is preferred over helium as it is cheaper, readily available, and easier to handle.
The choice of solvent for GC-MS analysis mainly depends on the compounds that need to be separated and identified. They should be soluble in the solvent. The solvent should also not contaminate the exterior of the injector port and septa. This happens when the space of the liner is not considered and the solvent expands too far.
Polar, non-volatile, and thermally labile compounds cannot be detected by GC-MS analyses.
ASTM E572 test method covers the analysis of stainless and alloy steels by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (WDXRF). It provides rapid, multi-element determinations with sufficient accuracy to assure product quality.
The ASTM D2674 test is a standard test method for the analysis of sulfochromate etch solutions used in the surface preparation of aluminum. The ASTM D2674 standard specifies a method for determining the efficacy of an etchant used to prepare the surface of aluminum alloys for subsequent adhesive bonding.
An immunological method for quantization of Hevea Natural Rubber (HNRL) proteins using rabbit anti-HNRL serum. Rabbits immunized with HNRL proteins react to the majority of the proteins present, and their sera have the capability to detect most if not all the proteins in HNRL.
ASTM G65 measures the resistance of metallic materials to abrasion using the dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus. The quality, durability, and toughness of the sample are determined using this test. Metallic materials are ranked in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a controlled environment.
ASTM E2141 test methods provide accelerated aging and monitoring of the performance of time-dependent electrochromic devices (ECD) integrated in insulating glass units (IGU). This test helps to understand the relative serviceability of electrochromic glazings applied on ECD.
ASTM C724 test method is used in analyzing the quality and ease of maintenance of a ceramic decoration on architectural-type glass. This test method is useful in the acknowledgment of technical standards.
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