Hail Impact Testing for Solar Panels

Introduction Solar panels have developed into a crucial element in producing sustainable energy while being a clean answer to the ever-increasing energy demands of the world. However, such panels also have their limitations imposed by the environment; in other words, they must be able to withstand factors such as hailstorms and other extreme weather conditions....

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Izod Impact Test – Specimen Dimensions

Introduction An impact test is the Izod Impact Test, which assesses the ability of a specific material to withstand impacts. This determination is beneficial in determining the ability of plastics and composite materials to endure the various effects without breaking. The test is governed by ASTM D256 and ISO 180 standards and consists of swinging...

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UV Weathering Test

UV Weathering Testing Method UV weathering tests are done when there is a need to evaluate the photostability of a particular material or the performance of UV stabilizers. Prolonged exposure to sunlight can cause the photodegradation of various materials. Invisible ultraviolet radiation, characterized by short wavelengths, is responsible for much of the degradation, a process...

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Precision Stress Optical Coefficient Testing for Advanced Materials

Photoelastic stress analysis showing fringe patterns in a polymer sample at Infinita Lab to determine the stress optical coefficient.

The stress optical coefficient (SOC), also known as the photoelastic constant or Brewster constant, quantifies how mechanical stress changes the refractive index of a transparent material. When a transparent material is stressed, it becomes birefringent—light polarised along different axes travels at different speeds, creating optical path differences proportional to the applied stress. SOC is a...

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Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance (ESCR) Testing

Introduction Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance testing (ESCR testing) determines the material’s susceptibility to stress cracking under ecological conditions. Industries must process materials like plastics, rubber, and polymers in challenging environments. ESCR testing measures how well a material can resist cracking under the combined influence of mechanical stress and an aggressive environmental agent. Unlike common material...

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Thermal Insulation Testing

Thermal Insulation Testing Method The thermal conductivity of materials governs the rate of heat transmission through them which thereby gives a measure of their insulating properties. Though the performance of insulating materials is greatly influenced by their thermal conductivity, many other characteristics, including density, thickness, specific heat capacity, and thermal bridging, must also be taken...

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Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT)

Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) Measurement Procedure Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) is a value that indicates a polymer’s resistance to structural changes when subjected to a given load at an elevated temperature. HDT is also known as Heat Distortion Temperature or Deflection Temperature Under Load (DTUL) or Heat Deflection Temperature Under Load (HDTUL). The ASTM D648...

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Gas Chromatography (GC) Analysis Lab

Gas Chromatography (GC) Analysis Lab Gas Chromatography (GC), also known as Vapor-Phase Chromatography (VPC) or Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography (GLPC), is a type of chromatography technique used to analyze specimens that can be vaporized without decomposition.  In the GC unit, the gaseous or liquid sample is injected into a carrier gas (moving phase) and then passed...

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Cyclic Moisture Resistance Testing: Methods, Standards, and Electronic Reliability Applications

Cyclic moisture resistance testing subjects electronic components and assemblies to repeated cycles of temperature, humidity, and sometimes electrical bias to evaluate their resistance to moisture-induced degradation. This accelerated environmental test simulates the cumulative effects of condensation, absorption, and drying cycles that electronic products experience during years of service in humid environments. For manufacturers seeking moisture...

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Dielectric Strength Testing: Methods, Standards & Electrical Insulation Testing

The ability of an insulating material to prevent electrical current flow — to maintain its insulating function up to a maximum voltage before catastrophic breakdown — is quantified by its dielectric Strength. Dielectric Strength is the electric field at which a material undergoes complete electrical breakdown, conducting current through a localized conductive channel that permanently...

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Guide to Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) Testing

Electronic PCB components being tested for chemical composition and RoHS compliance

Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) Introduction OES, or optical emission spectroscopy, is a popular analytical method for ascertaining various metals and alloys’ elemental and chemical composition. Optical Emission Spectroscopy Principle Optical Emission spectroscopy involves exciting atoms and ions using sources like inductively coupled plasma and electric arcs. These excited atoms or ions further lead to the...

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Environmental Stress Cracking of Polymers: Causes, Testing & Prevention

What Is Environmental Stress Cracking? Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) is one of the leading causes of plastic component failure in service. It occurs when a polymer is simultaneously exposed to a mechanical stress — often residual stress from processing rather than applied load — and a chemically aggressive environment. The combination of these two factors...

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Chemical Material Testing for Electrical & Electronics Applications

Electronic PCB components being tested for chemical composition and RoHS compliance

What Is Electrical and Electronics Testing? Electrical and electronics testing encompasses a broad suite of standardized measurements and evaluations that characterize the electrical performance, reliability, and safety of materials, components, printed circuit board assemblies, and complete electronic products. From measuring the dielectric strength of insulating materials to verifying the compliance of a finished electronic product...

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Thermal Resistance Testing Services

Thermal Resistance Testing Services Thermal resistance is the property of a material by which it resists the flow of heat through it. It is calculated as the ratio of the difference in temperature between two sides of the specimen to the rate of heat flow per unit area. Thermal resistance is the inverse of thermal...

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Thermal Properties Testing Services

Introduction Thermal property testing evaluates the temperature of materials in terms of conduction, storage, and transfer of heat. The critical parameters are thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, specific heat (SHC), and thermal effusivity. These tests mainly analyze the problem of thermal stress in materials, which is crucial in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and metallurgy for...

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Environmental Vibration Testing

Environmental Vibration Testing Technique Environmental vibration testing combines vibration testing with different environmental conditions such as high temperature and low humidity. This type of testing provides a better failure analysis of a product. The test equipment varies depending on the requirement of the customer, but below are the common types of environmental vibration tests: In...

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Thermal Expansion Testing

Thermal Expansion Testing When a material’s molecule’s kinetic energy rises, thermal expansion happens. The molecules are able to maintain a bigger separation due to their increased mobility. The percentage increase in strain per unit change in temperature is known as the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE).  It can be specified over a wide temperature range...

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Polymer Dielectric Constant Table: Understanding Electrical Insulation in Plastics

What Is the Dielectric Constant of a Polymer? The dielectric constant — also called relative permittivity (ε_r) — is a fundamental electrical property of polymers that quantifies their ability to store electrical energy when placed in an electric field. It is defined as the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor with the polymer as...

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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis: Principles, Techniques, and Applications

FTIR Spectroscopy Analysis| Principles & Testing Services

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is one of the most versatile analytical techniques available for material identification, chemical analysis, and quality control. By measuring how materials absorb infrared radiation at specific wavelengths, FTIR reveals molecular composition and chemical bonding information that is unique to each substance. FTIR serves critical roles in the plastics, pharmaceutical, chemical,...

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Gas Chromatography (GC) Analysis Services

Gas Chromatography (GC) Analysis Working Principle:  Chromatography is a technique that separates components in a mixture due to differences in partitioning behavior between mobile and stationary phases. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the common chromatographic techniques for separating volatile compounds or substances. The mobile phase is a gas, such as helium, and the stationary...

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Polymer Hardness Testing: Shore A, Shore D & Rockwell Methods Explained

What Is Polymer Hardness Testing? Polymer hardness testing measures a polymeric material’s resistance to indentation, scratching, or surface deformation under applied force. Hardness is a surface mechanical property that correlates with wear resistance, scratch resistance, stiffness, and load-bearing capability — providing a rapid, non-destructive indicator of material quality and suitability for intended applications. Because polymers...

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X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis and Testing Facility

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis Service  X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is a nondestructive analytical technique used to determine a sample’s elemental composition. It works by bombarding a sample with X-rays, causing the atoms in the sample to emit secondary X-rays with a characteristic energy that can be used to identify the element. In XRF analysis services,...

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ASTM B117 Salt Spray Test Procedure: Step-by-Step Guide & Best Practices

What Is the ASTM B117 Salt Spray Test? ASTM B117 is the Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus — the most widely referenced and executed accelerated corrosion test in the world. It defines the equipment, salt solution concentration, temperature, spray rate, and exposure protocol for creating a standardized corrosive fog environment in which...

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What is abrasion resistance testing?

Taber abraser performing rotary abrasion test on coated surface specimen

What Is Abrasion Testing? Abrasion testing measures the resistance of a material surface to wear caused by frictional contact with abrasive particles, surfaces, or sliding counterfaces. Wear and abrasion are among the leading causes of component failure and product degradation in the coatings, rubber, textile, automotive, and flooring industries. Quantifying abrasion resistance enables material selection,...

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Thermal Shock Resistance Test Method

Thermal Shock Resistance Test Method Thermal shock is a sort of structural trauma that can occur to objects as a result of extreme temperature changes. It happens when the tensile strength of the surface material is overcome by strain brought on by the object’s surface expanding or contracting at a different pace than its internal...

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Liquid-to-Liquid Thermal Shock Testing: Methods, Standards & Applications

What Is Liquid-to-Liquid Thermal Shock Testing? Liquid-to-liquid thermal shock testing is an accelerated reliability test method that exposes components and assemblies to extreme, rapid temperature changes by transferring them between hot and cold liquid baths. Unlike air-to-air thermal cycling (which uses convective heat transfer), liquid-to-liquid thermal shock achieves virtually instantaneous temperature changes because of the...

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Air-to-Air Thermal Shock Testing: Standards, Methods & Equipment

What Is Air-to-Air Thermal Shock Testing? Air-to-air thermal shock testing rapidly transfers test specimens between hot and cold temperature chambers — without liquid immersion — to subject them to severe, rapid temperature changes that simulate the most extreme thermal transients encountered in service. The test evaluates whether products, components, and materials can withstand repeated rapid...

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ASTM D412 – Specimen Size

ASTM D412 – SPECIMENS Depending on the type of specimen, ASTM D412 provides two testing techniques. Please remember that the outcomes of the two testing techniques differ. Test method A uses specimens in the “dumbbell” or “dogbone” shape, whereas test method B uses specimens in the ring shape. Compared to test method B, test method...

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ISO 178 Flexural Testing: Specimen Size, Geometry & Test Conditions

What Is ISO 178? ISO 178 is the international standard for the determination of flexural properties of rigid and semi-rigid plastics. It defines test specimen geometry, preparation, conditioning, test equipment, and calculation procedures for flexural modulus, flexural strength, and flexural strain at maximum stress or at break. ISO 178 is the international equivalent to ASTM...

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ASTM D790 Flexural Test – Specimen Size

ASTM D790 Flexural Test – Specimen Size Test specimens of the rectangular cross-section are injection molded, cut from molded or extruded sheets or plates, or cut from molded or extruded shapes. Specimens must be solid and uniformly rectangular. The specimen rests on two supports and is loaded utilizing a loading nose midway between the supports....

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Adhesive Tensile Strength Test

Adhesive Tensile Strength Test Technique Adhesives are substances that form a bond between the surfaces of two materials or between a material and the adhesive itself. The adhesive tensile strength test is a quantitative method that evaluates the coating strength of the adhesive.  The test is important to determine the operational capabilities of a product...

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HAST Testing Services: A Guide to High-Pressure Accelerated Aging for Electronics

"High-Pressure Accelerated Aging Test Chamber I Infinita Lab "

Highly Accelerated Stress Testing (HAST) is a reliability evaluation method that subjects electronic components to elevated temperature, humidity, and pressure to accelerate moisture-related failure mechanisms in a fraction of the time required by standard THB testing. HAST chambers are essential equipment for semiconductor qualification and electronics reliability programs across the automotive, medical devices, and telecommunications...

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Scanning Acoustic Tomography (SAT)

Scanning Acoustic Tomography Technique A specimen’s structural composition can be determined through scanning acoustic tomography. In this test, sound waves are focused on the specimen through transducers. The resulting speed and energy of the reflected wave are measured to determine the structural properties of the specimen. The test is also called Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)...

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Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT).

Scope Accelerated Shelf Life Testing is a scientific technique that utilizes controlled stress conditions to expedite the natural degradation processes that occur during storage. By subjecting products to elevated temperatures, light intensity, humidity, or a combination thereof, ASLT condenses months or even years of degradation into a significantly shorter timeframe. This allows researchers and quality...

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Understanding the 85/85 Test for Electronic Component Durability

Environmental test chamber performing an 85/85 test on PCBs

85/85 Testing is a reliability test that measures the ability of electronic components and materials to withstand high temperatures and high humidity simultaneously. In this test method, the electronic devices are subjected to 85°C and 85% relative humidity (RH) for a specified period. The 85/85 Test is a method for determining the performance of electronic...

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Battery Testing Solutions in Manufacturing & Production: Methods & Standards

Battery Testing Solutions Battery technology is constantly improving to support even higher performance required for commercial and consumer applications, as well as mobility solutions like car electrification. With rapid progress in the production and development of batteries, the rapid growth of battery testing solutions is required to ensure enhanced safety, longer service life, and higher...

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Thermal Shock Test

How Thermal Shock Test works: A thermal shock test is performed to analyze a product’s behavior when it is suddenly exposed to extreme temperatures over a short period. Rapid cycling through extreme temperatures leads to product deformation such as dislocation within components and microstructures.  This test is conducted in an unnaturally high-temperature acceleration condition, typically...

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ISO 178 Flexural Properties of Plastics Testing Services

ISO 178 Testing Standard ISO 178 is a three-point bend testing procedure used to test the flexural property of semi-rigid and rigid plastic on a universal testing system.  The test sample is placed on two parallel anvils and bent using a compression die without breaking the piece. The applied force is measured via a load...

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Battery Charge-Discharge Testing: Capacity, Efficiency & Cycle Life Methods

Comprehensive Battery Performance Validation Through Charge-Discharge Testing Battery charge-discharge testing is the definitive method for characterising the electrochemical performance, capacity, efficiency, rate capability, and long-term cycle stability of battery cells, modules, and packs across the EV, energy storage, consumer electronics, and defence industries. Every performance claim on a battery product — energy density, power density,...

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Microbiological Testing of Packing

Microbiological Testing of Packaging Product packaging is done to protect the product against external factors such as humidity, temperature, oxygen, and light. Throughout the production, the product comes in contact with various microorganisms which may be harmless or harmful.  Under certain external conditions, plastic can provide a surface for microorganisms to form colonies. Their presence...

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ASTM E1820-21 Standard test method for measurement of fracture toughness

ASTM E1820-21

ASTM E1820-21 Standard test method for measurement of fracture toughness Scope: ASTM E1820-21 gives procedure and guidelines to determine the fracture toughness using K, J, and CTOD (d) parameters. Toughness is measured in the R-curve format or as a point value. Test Procedure: The Overall objective of this method is to develop a force-displacement record...

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ASTM E1805-21 Standard Test Method for Determination of Gold in Copper Concentrates by Fire Assay Gravimetry

Scope: ASTM E1805-21 is used to determine the gold content of copper concentrates ranging from 0.2 μg/g to 17 μg/g. Test Procedure: ASTM E1805-21 test is carried out in eight steps. Initially, the clay fire assay crucible is prepared for the test, during which the sample is inquartated. Then for the next step, fusion is...

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ASTM E1787-16 Standard test method for Anions in Caustic Soda and Caustic Potash by Ion Chromatography

Scope: ASTM E1787-16 is used to determine anionic impurities in 50% Caustic Soda (Sodium hydroxide) and 50 % Caustic potash (Potassium hydroxide) solutions using ion chromatography (IC). Anions that can be determined at a concentration of 0.1 to 100 ppm include bromide, chlorate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate. By varying sample size we can...

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ASTM E1784-08 Total Peroxides in Acrylonitrile

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM E1784-08 is the standard test method that covers the procedure to calculate the total amount of peroxide in acrylonitrile. It can be applied for peroxides in the range 0.1 to 0.6 ppm in acrylonitrile. Peroxides are an undesirable impurity in acrylonitrile.  Test Procedure: Peroxides in the sample react with potassium iodide to form...

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ASTM E1782-14 Determination of Vapour Pressure by Thermal Analysis

Scope: ASTM E1782-14 standard test method evaluates the vapour pressure of liquids using Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) or Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) techniques at different system pressures. This test method can be applied over a temperature range of 273 to 773 K and for 5 kPa to 2 MPa pressures. Test Procedure: In ASTM E1782-14...

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ASTM E1771-07 Determination of Copper in Anode and Blister Copper

Scope: ASTM E1771-07 is a standard test method to evaluate the content of copper in commercial anode and blister copper. This method covers the necessary procedures to electrolytically determine the copper content. Test Procedure: After dissolution of the sample, the solution is evaporated to dryness and fumes are expelled by heat. The salt is dissolved...

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ASTM E1754-17a Determination of low levels of Water in Liquid Chlorine by Infrared Spectrophotometry

Scope: The standard test method to analyse liquid chlorine for low levels of water ASTM E1754-17a uses infrared spectrophotometry. It can be used for water concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 15 mg/kg (ppm). The values stated are stated in SI units. Read more: ASTM D3677 Rubber-Identification by Infrared Spectrophotometry Test Procedure: In the ASTM E1746-17a...

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ASTM E1709-09 Method for Measurement of Retroreflective Signs

Scope: The ASTM E1709-09 method covers measuring the retro-reflective properties of sign materials such as traffic signs and symbols (vertical surfaces) using a portable retro reflectometer at a 0.2-degree observation angle that can be used in the field. The portable retro reflectometer is a hand-held instrument with a defined standard geometry that can be placed...

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ASTM E1710-18 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Retroreflective Pavement Marking Materials with CEN-Prescribed Geometry Using a Portable Retroreflectometer

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: The ASTM E1710-18 test method covers measuring the Retroreflective properties of horizontal pavement marking materials containing retroreflecting beads, such as traffic stripes and surface symbols, using a portable retroreflectometer that can be placed on the road delineation to measure the retroreflection at a prescribed geometry. Test Procedure:   ASTM E1710-18 test method involves commercial portable...

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ASTM E1725-19 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive Barrier Systems for Electrical System Components

Scope: ASTM E1725-19 test method covers a fire-test response that provides information on the temperatures recorded on the electrical system component within a fire-resistive barrier system during exposure. Test Procedure: In ASTM E1725-19, the average air temperature inside the fire-resistive barrier system at the beginning of the test is not less than 50°F (10°C). Test...

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ASTM E1735-19 Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation from 4 to 25MeV

Scope: ASTM E1735-19 test method covers determination of the relative image quality response of industrial radiographic film when exposed to X-radiation sources having photon energies from 4 to 25 MeV. Evaluation of the film is based on the visibility of holes in a special image quality indicator (IQI). It is essential to state the exposure...

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ASTM E1740-22 Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Covering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter

Scope: ASTM E1740-22 is fire-test-response test method that covers determination of the ignitability and heat release rate of composites consisting of a wall covering or ceiling covering, a substrate, and all laminating adhesives, coatings, and finishes. Test Procedure:   The ASTM E1740-22 test method is based on the observation that generally the net heat of combustion...

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ASTM E1746-17a Sampling and Analysis of Liquid Chlorine for Gaseous Impurities

Chiral HPLC chromatogram separating enantiomers of pharmaceutical compound

Scope: ASTM E1746-17a is a standard test method for sampling and analyzing liquid chlorine. It describes a procedure for determining the oxygen (200 to 400 μg/g), nitrogen (400 to 800 μg/g), and carbon (800 to 1000 ppm) content of liquid chlorine.  Test Procedure: A sample of liquid chlorine is trapped in a sampling tube and...

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ASTM E1681-03 Standard Test Method for Determining Threshold Stress Intensity Factor for Environment-Assisted Cracking of Metallic Materials

Scope: The ASTM E1681-03 test method determines the environment-assisted cracking threshold stress intensity factor parameters, KIEAC and KEAC, for metallic materials. Metallic materials tested using this method can vary in thickness and strength as long as the specimens are of adequate thickness and planar size to satisfy the size requirements of the test method. Test...

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ASTM E1659-12 Method for Coating Mass and Chemical Analysis of Zinc-Nickel Alloy Electrolytically Coated on Steel Sheet

Scope: ASTM E1659-12 test method covers independently the chemical analysis of each surface of zinc-nickel alloy electrolytically coated on a steel sheet. ASTM E1659-12 performs by two test procedure methods:-  1. A procedure for determining the independent mass of coating on each surface of zinc-nickel alloy-coated sheet steel, in coating masses from 20 to 45...

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ASTM E1641-13 Method for Decomposition Kinetics by Thermogravimetry using the Ozawa/Flynn/Wall Method

Scope: ASTM E1641-13 test method determines the kinetic parameters, Arrhenius activation energy, and pre exponential factor by thermogravimetry. ASTM E1641-13 test method is based on the assumption that the decomposition obeys first-order kinetics by using the Ozawa/Flynn/Wall conversational method. ASTM E1641-13 test method is generally applicable to materials with well-defined decomposition profiles occurring in the...

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ASTM E1640-13 Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: The ASTM E1640-13 test method uses dynamic mechanical analyzers to determine the assignment of a glass transition temperature (Tg) of thermally stable materials in the glass transition region. Preferably, the materials have an elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa. Test Procedure: In ASTM E1640-13, a specimen of known geometry...

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ASTM D6531 Tinting Strength of Aqueous Ink Systems

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope ASTM D6531 coloring strength is a fundamental property of printing ink scatterings. Even though outcomes on mass colors don’t ensure equivalency of dry printed films, they give valuable parameters for quality control of creating clusters of bases and completed inks. Test results may likely be utilized for shading coordinating purposes. Procedure In ASTM D6531...

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Rheometry For Viscoelastic Properties

How rheometry works:  The viscoelastic properties of a material are measured by a rheometer (Figure 1). A rheometer is a device used to measure how a liquid, suspension, or slurry flows in response to applied forces. In one type of method, a test specimen is placed in a die cavity, closed, and maintained at an...

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ASTM D6502 Measurement of On-line Integrated Samples of Low Level Suspended Solids and Ionic Solids in Process Water by XRF

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: Power plant operators are concerned about corrosion products in particulate and dissolved metals in electricity-producing plants’ steam and water circuits. Corrosion products in the feed water also enter the steam-generating components, which deposit on heat transfer surfaces, lowering the plant’s overall efficiency. A time profile of corrosion product transit is established using more frequent...

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ASTM D6499-12 Antigenic Protein in Natural Rubber and its Products

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: Using an inhibitory format, this immunoassay method, ASTM D6499-12, quantifies the quantity of antigenic latex proteins in solution. ASTM D6499 depicts an immunological strategy for quantitating normal elastic latex proteins.  Procedure In ASTM D6499-12, the latex sample is suspended for two hours in fluid support. The concentrate is recuperated, and the antigen levels are...

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ASTM D6484: Open-Hole Compressive Strength (OHC) of Composites

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

ASTM D6484 Open-Hole Compressive Strength of Polymer Matrix Scope: ASTM D6484 is intended to deliver indented compressive strength information for foundational layout allowable, material determinations, innovative work, and quality confirmation. The composite material structures are restricted to continuous fiber or intermittent fiber supported composites in which the cover is offset and symmetric as for the...

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ASTM D6480: Asbestos Surface Wipe Sampling & TEM Analysis

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM D6480-05 is used to assess building surfaces, including ceiling tiles, shelving, electrical components, ductwork, and so on. This test method generates an index of asbestos structure concentration per unit area sampled based on a quantitative assessment of the number of asbestos structures found during analysis. Procedure In ASTM D6480-05 test, a sample is...

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ASTM D6474: High-Temperature GPC Analysis of Polyolefins

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM D6474-12 is used to determine the molecular weight distribution and molecular weight averages of polyethylene (except LDPE) and polypropylene resins. Physical qualities, such as shape, strength, melt flow, and so on, are greatly affected by differences in molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. As a result, the qualities of items made from these...

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ASTM D6442: Copper Release Rate Testing for Antifouling Coating Systems

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM D6442 is intended to provide a laboratory process for quantifying and characterizing the rate of copper release from antifouling coatings in replacement ocean water throughout immersion under controlled laboratory circumstances. The results of this test method reveal a pattern of copper release from an antifouling layer after 45 days of exposure. Procedure: In...

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ASTM D5155-19 Determination of the Isocyanate Content of Aromatic Isocyanates

Solid Fuels

Introduction: The ASTM D5155-19 standard offers a modeled methodology to ascertain the degree of isocyanate content in aromatic isocyanate materials. Isocyanate materials are considered among the essential raw materials used to produce polyurethanes. The methodology standard is significant in ensuring consistency and quality of isocyanate materials, which is critical as isocyanate content may influence the...

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ASTM D4890-18 Determination of Gardner and APHA Color of Polyols

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: The ASTM D4890-18 method is beneficial in determining the color of clear polyester and polyether liquids. Compared to other compounds, these methods are best applied to compounds with light absorption characteristics. They are suitable for research purposes, tests used for specification, and quality control areas. The most important specialty of these urethane compounds is...

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ASTM D4878 Determination of Viscosity of Polyols

ASTM E1820-21

Scope: ASTM D4878 test is appropriate in research work or quality control specifications testing. The viscosity of a fluid is defined as its resistance to a uniformly continuous flow without turbulence or other influences. Procedure In ASTM D4878, enough sample is first placed in the smallest container to cover the immersion mark on the viscometer...

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ASTM D4877 Determination of APHA Color in Isocyanates

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM D4877 test technique can be used to characterize isocyanates used in polyurethane goods for research or quality control. The findings of this test technique for toluene diisocyanate can be used to determine reactivity or efficiency in polyurethane systems. It can only be used with materials whose color-producing bodies have light-absorption properties, like the...

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ASTM D4671 Determination of Unsaturation of Polyols

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM D4671 test method can be used for quality assurance, specification testing, and research. In polypropylene oxides, side reactions that yield unsaturated chemicals produce modest polymers with only one hydroxyl group per chain. Functionality and molecular weight of unsaturated polymers are reduced, while the overall molecular weight distribution is increased.  Procedure: In ASTM D4671...

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ASTM D4875 Polymerized Ethylene Oxide Content of Polyether Polyols

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM D4875 is used to measure Polymerized Ethylene Oxide (EO) Content of Polyether Polyols. In the test method, measurements of EO content are connected to polyol reactivity (as a function of primary hydroxyl content), foam rise linearity, and polyol and final product hydrophilicity. Procedure ASTM D4875 Standard Test Methods of Polyurethane Raw Materials: Polymerized...

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ASTM D4672 Determination of Water Content of Polyols

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM D4672 test method is appropriate for quality assurance, specification testing, organic compounds, and research. Because isocyanates react with water, a polyol’s water content is critical. The Efficiency of this test is quite high. Procedure: For ASTM D4672 test method, an auto titrators operating manual is useful. The sample is inserted after the reagent...

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ASTM D5988-18 Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in Soil

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Introduction to ASTM D5988-18: Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in Soil ASTM D5988-18 test method is developed to assess the extent as well as the rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastics as a result of exposure to microbial organisms available in soil. The test is used to estimate the environmental biodegradability of a plastic...

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ASTM D5526: Anaerobic Biodegradation Testing for Landfill-Ready Plastics

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

ASTM D5526-18 Biodegradation of  Plastic Under Accelerated Landfill Conditions Scope: ASTM D5526-18 is intended to develop combinations of home garbage and plastic materials after various degrees of decomposition under landfill-like settings.The mixtures created by this test technique can be used to assess the environmental and health concerns of landfill-degraded plastic products. Rapid deterioration of plastic...

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ASTM D5511-18 Biodegradation of Plastic Under High-Solids Anaerobic Conditions

ASTM E1820-21

Introduction The ASTM D5511-18 biodegradation test is a method for determining the biodegradation rate of various plastics under anaerobic conditions. In other words, it determines the percentage of carbon in a sample converted to carbon in the gaseous form under high-solids anaerobic digesters used to treat municipal solid waste. Is ASTM D5511 – 18 and ASTM...

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ASTM D5338-15 Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM D5338-15 assesses the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in a controlled composting environment at thermophilic temperatures in a laboratory setting. This test technique is intended to produce reliable and reproducible test findings under controlled circumstances that mimic composting processes, such as thermophilic temperatures.  Procedure: In ASTM D5338-15  an inoculum...

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ASTM D1042-12 Heat & Moisture Dimensional Change Testing for Plastics

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: This test technique ASTM D1042-12 is intended to give way for assessing dimensional changes in plastic specimens, such as shrinkage or expansion, that occur as a result of specific heat and water conditionings. This technique is only designed to be used quickly to detect linear dimensional changes in polymers under controlled settings. Procedure: In...

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ASTM D570 Water Absorption of Plastics

ASTM E1820-21

ASTM D570 Water Absorption of Plastics Scope: In the ASTM D570 method, plastics’ relative water absorption rate when immersed is determined. This test method is suitable for all sorts of plastics, including cast, hot-molded, and cold-molded resinous products and homogeneous and laminated plastics. This rate of water absorption test method serves two purposes: first, as...

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ASTM D7253-16 Determination of Acidity as Acid Number for Polyether Polyols

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: ASTM D7253 is appropriate for quality assurance, specification testing, and research. Acid values reflect the degree to which acids have neutralized the polyol. The results of this procedure are utilized to calculate real hydroxyl numbers as adjustment factors for batch-to-batch uniformity. Procedure In an Erlenmeyer flask, 100 ± 20 mL 2-propanol and 1 mL...

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ASTM D7252-17 Determination of Monomer and Isomers in Isocyanates

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope: The ASTM D7252-17 test method is suitable for methylene di(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) and polymeric (methylene phenyl isocyanate-nate) (PMDI). It is used to characterize isocyanates used in polyurethane goods and for research or quality control. Procedure In ASTM D7252-17, the material is treated (derivatized) with methanol to make a mixture of methyl urethanes. Then, normal-phase...

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ASTM D7133-21 Tristimulus CIELAB Color and Yellowness Index of Liquids

Plastic specimen undergoing tensile strength testing on universal testing machine

Scope  ASTM D7133-21 CIELAB is a visual-based scale used in the polyurethane industry to specify color and set color tolerances. The Yellowness Index indicates how far the sample has strayed from colorless to yellow. Clear liquids with yellow saturation (dominant transmission wavelength in the 570 to 580 nm region) suit this index. It’s used to...

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Nanoindentation Testing: Principles, Applications & Hardness at the Nanoscale

What Is Nanoindentation? Nanoindentation is a precision mechanical testing technique used to determine the mechanical properties of materials at the nanoscale — measuring hardness and elastic modulus from indentations with depths as shallow as a few nanometers. Unlike conventional hardness testing methods, nanoindentation continuously records the applied load and resulting displacement throughout the loading and...

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Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA): Method, Applications & Material Testing

What Is Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)? Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) measures the dimensional changes of a material — expansion, contraction, softening, or penetration — as a function of temperature or time while the material is subjected to a defined mechanical force (load). Unlike dilatometry (which measures free thermal expansion under zero or minimal load), TMA applies a...

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Spectral Ellipsometry (SE)

Aligned electrospun nanofibers fabricated at controlled angle viewed under SEM

How Spectral Ellipsometry (SE) works Light waves can oscillate in different directions. A polarized light oscillates in only one direction. Non Polarized light oscillates in many directions. The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light is known as polarization (Figure 1). In Spectral ellipsometry, polarized light is shone upon a sample to measure its...

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Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC): REACH Testing & Compliance

Material samples being analyzed for SVHC restricted substances by ICP-MS for REACH compliance

What Are Substances of Very High Concern? Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) are chemical substances identified under the European Union REACH Regulation (EC No 1907/2006) as posing particularly serious risks to human health or the environment. Inclusion on the SVHC Candidate List triggers information and communication obligations along the supply chain and may lead...

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Energy Storage Devices Testing

Energy storage devices testing services It is the need of the hour to enhance the capacity and quality of energy storage devices. Cost reduction and efficient power handling techniques should be applied to enhance the reliability of energy devices in the global market. A wide range of services for innovative amendments in the processing of...

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Medical Device Safety: Physical Property Testing & Regulatory Requirements

The safety of medical devices is not aspirational — it is a regulatory obligation and an ethical imperative. Every material used in a medical device, from the polymer housing of an external monitor to the metal alloy of an implanted joint, must be demonstrated to be safe through systematic, evidence-based testing before the device can...

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Lithium Batteries Testing

Efficient Testing Techniques for Lithium Batteries Lithium-ion batteries serve as small packs with high energy and are widely used in various industries. Since they are very important, their safe transportation and fast processing needs to be ensured. For this purpose, the products are tested at various levels of its transportation by applying standard UN 38.3...

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Lighting Equipments Testing

Lighting Equipment Lighting equipment is a type of instrument used to create artificial light effects on a stage or in a movie. There may be different types of lighting equipment according to their usage and places of installation. Residential Lighting All the safety and performance-related standards must be met before the installation of lighting equipment...

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National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program (NELAP)

National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program (NELAP) is a non-profit organization that develops national consensus standards for environmental laboratory accreditation. States approve the standards for use in their jurisdiction and are responsible for their implementation. NELAP enhances the quality of environmental laboratories in a cost-effective manner by applying appropriate standards. It was established in 1995 by...

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ISO/IEC 17025 Lab Accreditation

Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025 helps various companies get global recognition, consistent operations, and a competitive advantage. The laboratory’s ability to produce precise, accurate test and calibration data is assessed by assessors under the light of this service. To ensure that technical skill is maintained and facilities are reviewed on a regular basis, this standard provides...

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American Association for Laboratory Accreditation

The American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) is a non-profit, non-governmental, public service organization that covers the formal recognition of competent testing and calibration laboratories, inspection bodies, proficiency testing providers, and reference material manufacturers.  A2LA provides services in accreditation of laboratories based on internationally accepted standards such as that of ISO/IEC 17025:2005 and aids in...

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OSHA’s Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL)

OSHA’s Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) Program authorizes private sector organizations to certify certain items to guarantee that they meet OSHA electrical standards for both construction and general industry. Each NRTL is known for a certain set of test standards, and each NRTL has its own registered certification mark(s) to indicate product compliance to the...

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American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

American National Standards Institute is a private non-profit organization founded in 1918. It offers information regarding the international testing standards that can positively impact business. It helps contribute to the business world efficiently and develop the necessary knowledge base in various fields. The cost-reducing strategies and assurance of quality, safety, and interoperability are among the...

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Mechanical Property Testing in the Automotive Industry: Standards & Methods

Automotive body panel specimen undergoing tensile and crash impact testing in test lab

The automotive industry refers to the designing, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. The automotive industry is concerned with the production, research, wholesaling, retailing, development, and maintenance of vehicles and their components, such as engines and bodies. The vehicle reliability, interchangeability, and safety are ensured by following the globally acknowledged standards. The automotive...

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Advanced Materials

Atomic force microscope measuring electrical conductivity of nanomaterial thin film surface

Advanced Materials refer to new materials that are potentially useful in industries and enhance the overall economy of the state. These materials lead to various technological advancements and have various applications in military, industry, and the global world. Advanced Materials are concerned with the production, research, advanced design, fabrication, integration, and development of devices. When...

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Additive Manufacturing Testing

Additive Manufacturing Testing

Additive manufacturing (AM) is defined by the ASTM society as a process of combining materials to produce items from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer. This is opposite to subtractive manufacturing approaches. It offers digital revolution in communications, imaging, architecture, testing and engineering and has various applications in military, industry, and the global world....

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Electrical Properties of Nanomaterials: Characterization & Testing Methods

Atomic force microscope measuring electrical conductivity of nanomaterial thin film surface

What Is Nanotechnology Testing? Nanotechnology is the science, engineering, and application of materials and devices with structural features at the nanometer scale — typically 1 to 100 nm. At these dimensions, quantum-mechanical effects, high surface-to-volume ratios, and unique electronic structures give nanomaterials dramatically different properties from those of their bulk counterparts. These exceptional properties —...

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Aerospace Industry

Automotive component mounted on vibration testing fixture for transportation simulation

Aerospace is a word coined to refer to anything related to space and has various applications in military, industry, and the global world. The aerospace industry is concerned with the production, research, and development of flight vehicles such as aircrafts, spacecrafts, gliders, satellites, and airplanes. It is a major contributor in the economy and technical...

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Semiconductors

Semiconductors include diodes and transistors having properties somewhere between the conductors and non-conductors. Elemental semiconductors are silicon and germanium which form the integral circuits. Semiconductors are crucial to anything that is computerized or uses radio waves and are primarily used in electronic devices, such as chips.  Semiconductors can be elemental as well as compounds such...

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