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Alternative Fuels and Biofuels
Alternative fuels and biofuels are renewable energy sources derived from living or recently living biological organisms. These fuels contain more than 80% renewable material and are used to provide electricity or heat, either as a standalone fuel or as a supplement. Examples of liquid biofuels include ethanol, biodiesel, vegetable oil, algae oil, and pyrolysis oil. Biogas is usually methane gas derived from manure, sludge, solid waste, or other biomass, while solid biofuels include wood, dried manure, charcoal, and biomass pellets.
The testing procedures used to evaluate alternative fuels and biofuels involve examining the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen content, moisture and volatiles, potential Btu content, and for chlorine, fluorine, and any regulated metals in the combustion residue, including zinc, calcium, iron, chromium, cadmium, and lead. Tire-Derived Fuel (TDF) is another type of biofuel consisting of rubber chips ranging from 1 to 4 inches in size, with an energy content of about 30 MBtu/ton. This fuel, when used in co-fired boilers with wood, coal, or sludge, or as a supplement to an existing fuel, is a competitively priced fuel source. Tests for TDF follow similar procedures to those for coal, concentrating on the hydrocarbon content, heating value, moisture and volatility, and potential contaminants in the fuel and in the ash.
Video 01: Solid biofuel testing
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ASTM E572 test method covers the analysis of stainless and alloy steels by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (WDXRF). It provides rapid, multi-element determinations with sufficient accuracy to assure product quality.
The ASTM D2674 test is a standard test method for the analysis of sulfochromate etch solutions used in the surface preparation of aluminum. The ASTM D2674 standard specifies a method for determining the efficacy of an etchant used to prepare the surface of aluminum alloys for subsequent adhesive bonding.
An immunological method for quantization of Hevea Natural Rubber (HNRL) proteins using rabbit anti-HNRL serum. Rabbits immunized with HNRL proteins react to the majority of the proteins present, and their sera have the capability to detect most if not all the proteins in HNRL.
ASTM G65 measures the resistance of metallic materials to abrasion using the dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus. The quality, durability, and toughness of the sample are determined using this test. Metallic materials are ranked in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a controlled environment.
ASTM E2141 test methods provide accelerated aging and monitoring of the performance of time-dependent electrochromic devices (ECD) integrated in insulating glass units (IGU). This test helps to understand the relative serviceability of electrochromic glazings applied on ECD.
ASTM C724 test method is used in analyzing the quality and ease of maintenance of a ceramic decoration on architectural-type glass. This test method is useful in the acknowledgment of technical standards.
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