BET Specific Surface Area

Written by Dr. Bhargav Raval | Updated: September 23, 2025

Introduction

The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area is used to measure the surface area of solids and powders. It’s a widely recognized method in many industries, including pharmaceuticals, environmental, and automotive. This analysis is a multi-point evaluation of an analyte’s specific surface area (m2/g) using gas adsorption analysis, in which an inert gas, such as nitrogen, flows continuously over a solid sample, or the solid sample is suspended in a given gas volume. Small gas molecules adsorb to the solid substrate and its porous features via weak van der Waals forces, generating a monolayer of adsorbed gas. This monomolecular layer and the adsorption rate can be used to calculate a solid sample’s specific surface area and porous geometry, which can help investigate pharmaceutical product reactivity and bioavailability.

Scope

BET theory seeks to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules onto a solid surface. It is the basis for a critical analytical technique that determines the specific surface area of materials. The theory extends the Langmuir theory, which is a theory for monolayer molecule adsorption, to multilayer adsorption with the following hypotheses:

In infinite layers, gas molecules adsorb on solids, interacting exclusively with adjacent layers. The Langmuir hypothesis applies to each layer.
The first layer has a constant enthalpy of adsorption, which is greater than the second.
Adsorption in the second (and higher) layers has the same enthalpy as liquefaction.

Procedure

Estimating specific surface areas is a critical problem in characterizing porous and finely dispersed materials. Gas adsorption is the right way to complete this objective. Some dosed gas molecules are adsorbed onto the material’s surface if a gas contacts a solid material. The amount of gas adsorbed is determined by the gas pressure, temperature, kind of gas, and surface area. After deciding the measurement gas and temperature, the adsorption isotherm can be used to determine a solid material’s specific surface area consistently and similarly. Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K (liquid nitrogen or cryotube 77) has been adopted to calculate particular surface areas.

We can estimate the amount of adsorbed gas needed to form one monolayer on the surface from the measured isotherms. The number of molecules in this monolayer multiplied by the space required for one molecule yields the BET surface area. In addition to nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, Krypton adsorption at 77 K is advised for determining small surface areas.

Sample Size

The following are the technical specifications of BET:

Sample size	The ideal sample size is 2–5 grams, but the amount needed depends on the particles’ surface area and length. For example, you might need 0.5–1 gram for a surface area of 30 m2/g or 0.25–0.5 gram for a surface area of 60 m2/g.
Sample preparation	The sample must be a dry solid. The conditions for outgassing depend on the material type. For example, active pharmaceutical ingredients might be outgassed at 40°C or half their melting point, while activated carbon, zeolites, and catalysts might be outgassed at 90°C and then 300°C.

Result

The BET theory is frequently utilized to analyze the gas adsorption data and produce a particular surface area result stated in area units per sample mass (m2/g). Many standardization bodies, including ISO, USP, and ASTM, have used the method as a reference. For various reasons, the BET hypothesis might not apply to materials with other types of isotherms.

Conclusion

BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) specific surface area analysis is a widely used method for characterizing the surface area of porous materials, particularly in fields like catalysis, adsorption, and material science. The BET method measures specific surface area by measuring the amount of gas adsorbed on a material at various relative pressures while producing an adsorbate monolayer. This information is critical about material porosity, surface reactivity, and promising performance for prospective applications. Generally speaking, BET analysis is the most convenient and reliable method for investigating surface features that influence the functioning of materials in many industrial and research directions.

FAQs

What is the principle of BET?

The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) hypothesis explains the physical adsorption of gas molecules onto a solid surface. It forms the basis for a critical analytical technique for determining the specific surface area of materials.

What is the specific surface area using BET?

Using the BET theory, a particle's actual or specific surface area, including surface irregularities and pore walls, is determined at an atomic level by the adsorption of an unreactive gas. Because most gases and solids interact weakly, the solid material must be cooled, typically using a cryogenic liquid.

What is the formula for BET analysis?

The BET equation rigorously depicts a linear plot of 1/[X(P0/P)-1] vs. P/P0, which, for most solids utilizing nitrogen as the adsorbate, is restricted to a small region of the adsorption isotherm, often in the P/P0 range of 0.05 to 0.35.