ASTM E2714 – Test for Creep-Fatigue Testing

In ASTM E2714, uniaxial forces are applied to homogeneous material to determine the properties and behavior of materials under creep and fatigue deformation or under crack formation.

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ASTM E2714 – Test for Creep-Fatigue Testing

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Overview
Scope, Applications, and Benefits
Test Process
Specifications
Instrumentation
Results and Deliverables

Overview

ASTM E2714 delineates a methodology for conducting isothermal, uniaxial creep-fatigue assessments on ostensibly homogeneous materials. The introduction of “hold times” throughout a fatigue cycle underpins this technique.

ASTM E2714 specifies maintaining a constant strain or stress for a predetermined duration, in contrast to conventional fatigue tests that cycle rapidly. This hold period more closely mimics the “start-stop” or “steady-state” cycles that industrial components undergo by allowing creep deformation and environmental degradation (such as oxidation) to accumulate.

Scope, Applications, and Benefits

Scope

In ASTM E2714, materials are tested to determine the effects of fatigue, creep, and oxidation. These phenomena damage materials over time. Creep is the deformation of material under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses. The initiation and propagation of cracks in a material under cyclic loading—applied, unloaded, and reapplied—is known as fatigue.

This test applies cyclic loads to the specimen at elevated temperatures to introduce fatigue and creep. Cyclic loads deform the specimen, and elevated temperatures cause creep deformation.

Applications

Power generation components (boilers, turbines, steam pipes).
Aerospace engine and exhaust system materials.
Petrochemical and refinery equipment operating at high temperatures.
Nuclear reactor structural and pressure boundary materials.
High-temperature alloys are used in cyclic thermal environments.

Benefits

Enables accurate assessment of material performance under realistic service conditions.
Supports life prediction and damage tolerance analysis for high-temperature components.
Improves design reliability and safety for both cyclic and sustained-load applications.
Generates standardized data for material comparison and qualification.
Assists in identifying failure mechanisms due to creep-fatigue interaction.

Testing Process

Specimen Preparation

Prepare a standard specimen with specified geometry and surface finish.

Test Setup

Mount the specimen in a strain-controlled, high-temperature testing system.

Instrumentation

Attach and calibrate high-temperature extensometers.

Post-Test Evaluation

Examine failure mode and report creep-fatigue life results.

Technical Specifications

Parameter	Details
Test Control Mode	Strain-controlled
Loading Type	Cyclic loading with hold times
Test Temperature	Elevated temperature, material-specific
Temperature Control	Furnace with ±2 °C stability
Data Recorded	Stress, strain, time, cycles
End-of-Life Criterion	Fracture or specified stiffness/load drop

Instrumentation Used

Servo-hydraulic or electromechanical fatigue testing system
High-accuracy load cell
High-temperature furnace or environmental chamber
High-temperature extensometer or strain measurement device
Temperature measurement and control system (thermocouples)
Creep-fatigue rated specimen grips and fixtures
Closed-loop control and data acquisition system

Results and Deliverables

Number of cycles to failure under creep-fatigue conditions
Stress–strain hysteresis behavior over test duration
Effect of hold time on creep-fatigue life
Evidence of cyclic softening or hardening
Accumulated creep damage during hold periods
Mode and location of specimen failure
Data for creep-fatigue interaction and life prediction models

Frequently Asked Questions

ASTM has several standards related to creep testing, such as ASTM E139, ASTM E292, ASTM E328, and ASTM E2714. Each standard specifies the test method, apparatus, specimen preparation, loading, temperature, measurement, analysis, and reporting of creep test results.

Creep tests on plastics are described in the following standards: ISO 899-1 and ISO 899-2, as well as ASTM D2990. Pipes are tested using a full-notch creep test (FNCT) to ISO 16770. Since this type of test runs over a long period, it is typical to test multiple specimens simultaneously.

A creep test, sometimes referred to as a stress-relaxation test, determines the amount of deformation a material experiences over time while under a continuous tensile or compressive load at a constant temperature.

While fatigue testing focuses on cyclic loading and crack propagation, creep testing assesses the deformation of materials under constant load and temperature conditions.

Textbooks generally describe three stages of creep: primary or transient, secondary or steady-state, and tertiary or acceleration creep. These appear after initial strain ε0 upon loading when the test or homologous temperature is high enough.

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