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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) enables molecular level analysis of organic compounds. NMR absorption spectra are generated by certain magnetic nuclei placed in a strong magnetic field, when excited by RF pulses. The spectral peaks correspond to resonant RF frequencies characterizing the type of nuclei and bonding environment.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) is used for the compositional analysis of organic materials. NMR utilizes the fact that certain atomic nuclei have magnetic moments and can interact with externally applied magnetic fields. These typically have odd mass numbers, such as 1H, 13C, 19F, 29Si, 15N. When subjected to a strong constant external magnetic field, these magnetic moments get aligned with (parallel) or opposed to (anti-parallel) to the applied field. The parallel orientation represents a lower energy state relative to the anti-parallel alignment. If the nuclei are now subjected to electromagnetic radiation in the Radiofrequency (RF) range, the lower energy nuclei absorb energy and at a resonant frequency, their alignment flips-over (spin-flip) to the higher energy state. The resonant frequency depends on the type of nuclei and bonding environment as well as the applied magnetic field. Hence NMR provides information on composition and structure of molecules in the sample. In NMR spectrometers, organic compounds are placed in magnetic fields ranging from about 1.4 to 18.0 tesla (T).
The NMR spectrometry procedure involves placing a sample in a strong magnetic field and then exciting the sample using pulsed Radiofrequency waves of the appropriate frequency range. At resonant frequencies, the spin-flip of various nuclei is picked up by a detector. The respective resonant frequencies and absorbance intensities are recorded as peaks in the NMR spectrum. It must be noted that NMR detects only the nuclei with magnetic moments. For example, magnetic isotopes of elements such as 1H, 13C, 19F, 29Si, 15N, yield high-resolution NMR spectra at their resonant frequencies. Hence, in a typical organic compound having Carbon backbone and covalent bonds with Hydrogen, NMR targets only the magnetic 13C nuclei and the surrounding Hydrogen atoms (Protons), to infer the structure. This process requires computer analysis, using a reference database. Proton NMR is an important form of NMR for structural analysis, since Hydrogen atoms absorb energy of different wavelengths depending on their bonding environment.
NMR can be applied to substances in liquid solution or in solid state. When NMR spectroscopy is performed on solids, it is termed Solid State NMR. Polymers and plastics are examples where Solid State NMR has been used. In such cases, magnetized Protons distort the 13C signal, which is resolved by heteronuclear dipolar decoupling (DD). In the case of liquid solutions, Deuterated solvents are used, in which all Protons have been replaced by Deuterium. This avoids signal distortion by magnetic Protons in the solvent.
Common Uses of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
Advantages of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
Limitations of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
Industrial Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
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