ASTM D6855-12 Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5 NTU in Static Mode
ASTM D6855-12 Method covers the static determination of turbidity in water and applies to the measurement of turbidites under 5.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).
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- Overview
- Scope, Applications, and Benefits
- Test Process
- Specifications
- Instrumentation
- Results and Deliverables
Overview
ASTM D6855-12 describes standard test methods for determining the particle size distribution of dry toner materials used in electrophotographic applications. Particle size is a critical quality parameter that influences image resolution, transfer efficiency, and toner fusing behavior in laser printers and copiers.
This standard provides consistent, reproducible procedures for measuring toner particle size using laser diffraction or other accepted techniques, supporting product development and quality control in the electrophotographic industry.
Scope, Applications, and Benefits
Scope
ASTM D6855-12 covers dry toner particle size measurement and includes:
- Volume-weighted mean diameter and distribution
- D10, D50, and D90 percentile values
- Span and coefficient of variation of the distribution
- Suitability of different measurement techniques
Applications
- Laser printer and copier toner manufacturing
- Quality control during toner production
- New toner formulation development
- Incoming inspection of toner raw materials
- Benchmarking competitor or reference toner products
Benefits
- Ensures toner particle size meets print quality specifications
- Identifies batch-to-batch variability early
- Supports process optimization for toner milling and classification
- Provides traceable, reproducible particle size data
- Aids in the troubleshooting of print defects related to particle size
Test Process
Sample Dispersion
A representative toner sample is dispersed in an appropriate medium or presented dry to the instrument.
1Measurement
Particle size distribution is measured by laser diffraction or Coulter counter technique as specified.
2Data Acquisition
Volume-based size distribution data (D10, D50, D90) and derived statistics are recorded.
3Reporting
Results are compared to specification ranges and reported with instrument settings and sample preparation details.
4Technical Specifications
| Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
| Test Principle | Laser diffraction or Coulter counter |
| Dry electrophotographic toners | Dry electrophotographic toners |
| Sample Form | Dry powder or suspension |
| Measured Output | D10, D50, D90 diameters; span; volume distribution |
Instrumentation Used for Testing
- Laser diffraction particle size analyzer
- Colter counter (electrical zone sensing) instrument
- Dry dispersion module or wet cell accessory
- Compressed air or inert gas for dry dispersion
- Reference standard particles for instrument calibration
Results and Deliverables
- Full volume-based particle size distribution curve
- D10, D50, D90 values and distribution span
- Coefficient of variation for reproducibility
- Comparison to product specification limits
- Certified test report with traceability
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D6855-12 is a standard test method used to determine particle size distribution of carbon black aggregates using a disk centrifuge, providing detailed insights into structure and dispersion characteristics.
ASTM D6855-12 is important because particle size distribution affects reinforcement, electrical conductivity, and processing behavior, helping manufacturers ensure consistent performance in rubber, plastics, coatings, and other applications.
ASTM D6855-12 uses a disk centrifuge to separate dispersed carbon black particles based on sedimentation rates, which depend on particle size, allowing accurate determination of aggregate size distribution.
ASTM D6855-12 requires a disk centrifuge, dispersion system, suitable liquid medium, calibration standards, and data acquisition software to measure and analyze particle size distribution precisely.
Results are reported as particle size distribution curves and statistical parameters such as mean size, helping evaluate material quality and predict performance in end-use industrial applications.
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