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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) enables molecular level analysis of organic compounds. NMR absorption spectra are generated by certain magnetic nuclei placed in a strong magnetic field, when excited by RF pulses. The spectral peaks correspond to resonant RF frequencies characterizing the type of nuclei and bonding environment.
Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) is an analytical method used for quantifying and depth profiling of some light elements and isotopes in the surface and near surface regions of solid materials. In the NRA technique, an ion beam using light projectile nuclei of known mass and energy, impinges upon nuclei of the target element at incident energy levels exceeding the coulomb barrier of the target. This results in nuclear reactions between the incident ions and the target nuclei, yielding light and heavy nuclear reaction products with different energy levels, emitted at different angles. The energy level of the reaction products depends upon the incident ion mass and energy, the target atomic mass, product emission angles, masses of light and heavy reaction products and the energy released in the nuclear reaction. The emitted particles are detected by solid state detectors and energy spectra are produced, from which the target elements in the sample can be quantified. The incident ions used in NRA are protons (1H), deuterons (2H), 3He or alpha particles (4He). Interference from backscattered particles can be eliminated using absorber foils to filter out the interference, based on the relatively higher energy of nuclear reaction products.
Due to the isotope-specific nature of nuclear reactions, NRA can be used for isotope identification and mapping. However, for a given incident ion species and energy, only one (or a few) isotopes can be detected, so several repetitions would be needed with varying energy levels or incident ion species for complete analysis. Depth profiling to obtain concentration variation of a specific isotope can be done by non-resonant NRA or resonant NRA, depending upon the reaction cross section of the sample.
Common Uses of Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA)
Advantages of Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA)
Limitations of Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA)
Industrial Applications of Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA)
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ASTM E572 test method covers the analysis of stainless and alloy steels by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (WDXRF). It provides rapid, multi-element determinations with sufficient accuracy to assure product quality.
The ASTM D2674 test is a standard test method for the analysis of sulfochromate etch solutions used in the surface preparation of aluminum. The ASTM D2674 standard specifies a method for determining the efficacy of an etchant used to prepare the surface of aluminum alloys for subsequent adhesive bonding.
An immunological method for quantization of Hevea Natural Rubber (HNRL) proteins using rabbit anti-HNRL serum. Rabbits immunized with HNRL proteins react to the majority of the proteins present, and their sera have the capability to detect most if not all the proteins in HNRL.
ASTM G65 measures the resistance of metallic materials to abrasion using the dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus. The quality, durability, and toughness of the sample are determined using this test. Metallic materials are ranked in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a controlled environment.
ASTM E2141 test methods provide accelerated aging and monitoring of the performance of time-dependent electrochromic devices (ECD) integrated in insulating glass units (IGU). This test helps to understand the relative serviceability of electrochromic glazings applied on ECD.
ASTM C724 test method is used in analyzing the quality and ease of maintenance of a ceramic decoration on architectural-type glass. This test method is useful in the acknowledgment of technical standards.
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